In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is generally as a result of insufficient oxygen in Nb2O5, applied to be a raw substance Original soften (Czochralski technique) [186]. Appropriately, based on its creation technological innovation, niobium pentoxide can adopt a variety of compositions Nb2O5−x. Thus, https://emilianogfdyr.blogstival.com/54523471/lithium-niobate-crystal-secrets